Abstract: Bulbophyllum rothschildianum is one of the 50 species with very small populations in need of rescue conservation, and is listed as a national key wild plant of the second grade and a critically endangered species on the Red List of China’s biodiversity, with its distribution within China only in the southern Yunnan region. In order to find out the ecological characteristics and resources of this species, its population was investigated using the sample line method, and the vertical distribution within the host and forest canopy was recorded. The results showed that there were about 41,800 plants(clumps) of this species in Xishuangbanna, with a high proportion of young plants in the population, and the population showed a stable growth trend in general, and it was mainly distributed in Menghai county and the northern part of Jinghong city; it was mainly distributed in the monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forests at an altitude of 1 300~1 500 m, and it was mainly found attached to the middle part of the forest, with its flowering period in September~November; the vertical distribution in the forest canopy was concentrated in the mid-portion of the trunks of the trees, and the common hosts were Quercus kerrii; MaxEnt model predicts that its suitable distribution area is mainly concentrated in the north of Jinghong and Menghai, with an area of about 1,048.83km², which accounts for only 5.5% of the whole state; In view of the fact that Bulbophyllum rothschildianum is one of the most important plants of the genus Bulbophyllum traded in the market, its population is highly threatened, and it mainly relies on asexual reproduction, with very little sexual reproduction, it is recommended to strengthen the protection of the population in the protected area and at the same time to designate the protection sites of the original habitats outside the protected area, meanwhile to increase the publicity of the protection of rare and endangered plants and law enforcement, and comprehensively utilize the measures of local protection and artificial breeding to conserve this species. At the same time, the publicity and law enforcement of rare and endangered plant protection should be increased, and measures of local protection, relocation protection and artificial breeding should be comprehensively applied to protect this species.