Abstract: The brown pheasant is a national first-class protected wild animal, and conducting research on artificial breeding techniques is an important means of ex situ conservation. However, the effectiveness of protecting species genetic diversity is not clear. Based on the genetic data of mitochondrial genome and mitochondrial control area, this paper collected 19 samples of brown eared pheasant in Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve for genetic data analysis, trying to compare the genetic diversity of artificial breeding population and wild population, so as to give a preliminary evaluation of breeding strategies and try to give suggestion. According to research results, artificially bred brown eared chickens may have lost genetic diversity. Due to the randomness of field sample collection and the limitations of sampling methods caused by policies to protect rare and endangered wildlife, the number and representativeness of samples in this study may need to be improved in order to draw more accurate conclusions.