Abstract: To study the plant species diversity and the spatial distribution pattern of the population in Emin county of Xinjiang, the diversity survey was conducted by setting up typical sample plots; species richness index D, Shannon-Wiener index H, Simpson index H', Pielou uniformity index J were used to analyse the species diversity of Malus sieversii vegetation in Emin county, and diffusion coefficient (C), negative binomial parameter (K), mean crowding (m^*) and agglomerative index (m^*/m) and point pattern, bicorrelation g(r) function were used to analyse the spatial distribution of Malus sieversii populations in the study area. The vegetation composition of the region is relatively homogeneous, with plants dominated by dicotyledonous plants, rich in dicotyledonous plant species and low in woody plant diversity; Malus sieversii populations are mainly distributed in aggregates on small scales and randomly on large scales, and show a tendency to evolve from aggregates to random distributions. The structure of Malus sieversii in Emin county is unstable and gradually moving towards random distribution, and the aggregated growth of Malus sieversii populations is promoted through effective management in order to facilitate the natural restoration of the populations.