Abstract: To analyze the significance of the factors affecting the shear strength of asphalt mixes. This study designed orthogonal tests for the five influencing factors at three levels and conducted uniaxial penetration tests on asphalt mixes. Based on the analysis of range and variance, the experimental results of the factors affecting the shear strength of asphalt mixes were analyzed to determine the significance of the effects of asphalt type, grading type, oil to stone ratio, coarse aggregate needle content, and fine aggregate angularity on the shear strength of asphalt mixes. The findings show that: the experimental results of the shear strength of the mixes were analyzed using the extreme difference method and the variance method. The regularity presented by the magnitude and significance of the effect of each factor on the shear strength of the mix is consistent in both forms of analysis.The order of the significance of the five factors on the shear strength of the mixture in three levels is: aggregate gradation >asphalt type > fine aggregate angularity > asphalt aggregate ratio > coarse aggregate needle flake content. In order to improve the shear strength of asphalt mixture, it is recommended to prioritize the optimization design of asphalt mixture aggregate gradation and the selection of asphalt type.